Regular exercise likely safeguards against neurodegenerative diseases through both the enhancement of antioxidative stress defenses and associated advantageous mitochondrial adaptations, as well as indirectly, by modulating neuroprotective factors, such as the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) via reactive oxygen species (ROS) [180,197]. This evidence concerns the gene BDNF and neurodegenerative disease.