PDCD1 and urothelial carcinoma: Currently, there are clinical trials such as NCT05394337 (a phase I) to evaluate their safety in combination with neoadjuvant PD-1 (Atezolizumab) plus TIGIT (Tiragolumab) in patients with cisplatin-ineligible operable high-risk urothelial carcinoma and NCT05327530 (a phase II) to study the safety and efficacy of various combinations of avelumab (anti-PD-L1) with other targets such as TIGIT (Sacituzumab) as therapy in locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (javelin bladder medley).