CTLA4 and melanoma: For example, major advances in treating stage II, stage III, and stage IV melanoma have been made with immunotherapy e.g., with programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors or the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated molecule-4 (CTLA-4) inhibitor Ipilimumab, which has been shown to shrink melanoma in 10% to 15% of patients.