The discovery of the synergism of the effect of the TGF-β blockade and anti-PD-L1 antibodies allowed for consideration in a clinical trial (NCT02423343) of the combination of galunisertib with nivolumab in the treatment of recurrent or refractory non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, TGFB1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.