TGFB1 and acute myeloid leukemia: Additionally, TGF-β1, a key cytokine for Th17 differentiation in mice models [50], resulted in a decrease in the Th17 population [49] and did not correlate with the frequencies of Th17 cells in the peripheral blood of untreated AML patients; this further supports the fact that TGF-β may hold protective effects in AML [51].