ERBB2 and neoplasm: While traditional factors such as tumor stage, grade, and lymph node involvement continue to hold prognostic significance and are routinely applied in day-to-day practice, emerging biomarkers, such as microsatellite instability (MSI), RAS/BRAF mutations, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and HER2 mutations/overexpression, offer promising avenues for personalized management strategies.