The marked decrease in bloodborne viral hepatitis notification incidence over the study period likely reflects the success of public health measures such as the implementation of the universal hepatitis B vaccine in the childhood national immunisation program in 2000 [32], increased accessibility and availability of direct-acting antiviral treatments which became government-funded in 2016, and needle syringe and opioid treatment programs [33]. This evidence concerns the gene PPIB and animal viral hepatitis.