PDCD1 and urothelial carcinoma: In Japan, enfortumab vedotin (EV) was approved in November 2021 as a third-line therapy for patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC) that is refractory to prior platinum-based chemotherapy and immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) or PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors [1, 2].