IFNA1 and viral infectious disease: Also, a trend towards reduced bacterial translocation was seen in IFN-β1a pre-treated cells within the absence of viral infection (depth of penetration of S. pneumoniae into the cell layer, 24 h: -IFN-β1a/-HRV/ + SP 11.81 ± 4.11% vs. + IFN-β1a/-HRV/ + SP 7.63 ± 3.99% of average cell layer height, p = 0.1087; 48 h: -IFN-β1a/-HRV/ + SP 14.91 ± 6.09% vs. + IFN-β1a/-HRV/ + SP 7.61 ± 4.17% of average cell layer height, p = 0.0739).