IFNA1 and viral infectious disease: IFN-β1a pre-treatment reduced bacterial translocation of S. pneumoniae into the cell layer, with the effect being statistically significant when cells were inoculated with S. pneumoniae 72 h after viral infection (depth of penetration of S. pneumoniae (SP) into the cell layer, 72 h: -IFN-β1a/ + HRV/ + SP 23.69 ± 10.28% vs. + IFN-β1a/ + HRV/ + SP 9.88 ± 3.2% of average cell layer height, p = 0.0058).