APOL1 and kidney disorder: Ergo, the question arises, “Should we wait for validation studies of the Rosenberg et al. findings before deploying their four surrogate end points in the in clinical trials of APOL1-associated kidney disease?” The answer to this question is an unqualified no. First, there is no other extant cohort with a large sample of Black study participants with CKD that could serve as a validation cohort.