CXCL9 and neoplasm: Although it is widely acknowledged that iCAFs function as tumor-promotive cells, they may also serve as indirect indicators of sustained immune reactions, stemming from their robust expression of interferon(IFN)-induced chemokines such as CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11, and given the complexity of the IFN, tumor-promoting and anti-tumor properties of iCAFs cannot be determined yet [38].