LPS causes morphologic alterations in microglia in the brain and facilitates microglia generation of cytokines and reactive oxygen species [70, 71, 72], and IL‐1/IL1R1 activates astrocytes through actions via IL1R1; both activated microglia and astrocytes may contribute to the secretion of IL‐1 in SCI‐induced neuropathic pain [73, 74, 75]. This evidence concerns the gene IL1R1 and neuropathic pain.