IRS1 and neoplasm: PTEN, a tumour suppressor gene located at 10q23.31, encodes a protein with diverse functions, including phosphatase activity targeting protein substrates such as focal adhesion kinase (FAK), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6), and phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) (Chawra et al., 2024).