TGFB1 and lung cancer: MSCs-derived exosomes promote EMT, invasion and migration of lung cancer cells, while silencing the expression of TGF-β1 in MSCs may inhibit MSCs-derived exosomes-mediated EMT formation of lung cancer by inactivating Smad2/3, Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin, NF- κB, ERK, JNK and p38MAPK signaling pathways (Zhao et al., 2018).