JUN and neoplasm: In GBM, tumor cells seize glucose from the tumor microenvironment by virtue of vigorous aerobic glycolysis, which leads to depletion of CTL cells due to lack of energy, and the large amount of lactate produced by tumor cells in the microenvironment can further inhibit CTL antitumor immune function by obstructing CTL lactate efflux and p38 and JNK/c-Jun-mediated CTL activation, promoting M2-like polarization of microglia and other ways (13, 15, 16) (Figure 1).