The immune cell infiltration within the TME is closely linked to the progression of HCC, with certain immune cell types such as CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells, M1 macrophages, B cells, and memory T cells being associated with a favorable prognosis, while regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells, and M2 macrophages are correlated with a poor prognosis in HCC (Ren et al., 2024). The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.