Female patients with SLE most commonly develop clinical manifestations like alopecia (60.90%), photosensitivity (60.70%), oral ulcers (51.00%), arthritis (74.20%), malar rash (55.60%),​ discoid lupus (20.40%), and low complement component 3 (C3) activities (51.10%) [29]. Here, C3 is linked to arthritic joint disease.