TNF and COVID-19: According to this theory, the peripheral activation of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-8, IL-10, IL-2R) in response to COVID-19 infection may contribute to neuroinflammation via increased permeability and compromised integrity of BBB, which enables the virus to enter the CNS, resulting in neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19 [3,4,8].