Historically, PCa has been diagnosed via an ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy in those with an elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level or an abnormal digital rectal examination, with subsequent staging performed using a combination of CT and MRI to assess any locoregional or visceral disease and addition of bone scintigraphy (BS) to assess for any osseous metastasis. Here, KLK3 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.