In these studies, CSF‐1 was not identified as a serum biomarker for head and neck squamous cell cancer, yet CSF‐1 was a sensitive diagnostic marker for patients with pancreatic and ampullary cancer, with increased diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in comparison to other measured markers GM‐CSF and IL‐3.29, 30. The gene discussed is IL3; the disease is carcinoma of the ampulla of vater.