Although T cell proliferation [19] and increased numbers of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells featuring oligoclonal expansions in patients with CIDP [20, 21] underline the importance of cytotoxic T cells in the pathogenesis of CIDP [20, 21], antibodies against structures of the peripheral nervous system have been recently described [22]. The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy.