We searched PubMed for articles published in English from 1 January 1994 to 1 January 2024, using the search terms ‘dystrophin’, ‘Duchenne’, ‘dystrophinopathy’, ‘interactors’, ‘mdx’ or the causative gene, ‘DMD’, and ‘brain’. The gene discussed is DMD; the disease is neuromuscular disease caused by qualitative or quantitative defects of dystrophin.