Expression of innate immune system markers (APOBEC3A/B), DNA repair genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51), cell cycle genes (CCNA2 and CCNE1), a cell proliferation gene (MELTF), and a T-cell regulator (Treg) marker (FOXP3) was elevated in cancer compared to precancer and controls. The gene discussed is CCNA2; the disease is cancer.