Yao Y et al. emphasize its contribution to pulmonary fibrosis via inflammation, oxidation, and collagen deposition, alleviated by Nervilia fordii extract through modulation of a-SMA, TGF-β1, CTGF, Smad3/4, Smad7, and ERK1/2 [34]. Here, SMAD7 is linked to pulmonary fibrosis.