AR and Familial prostate cancer: Along this line, it has been demonstrated that β-catenin, together with hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), can directly interact with AR, thereby transactivating genes by binding to the androgen response element (ARE) in androgen-responsive prostate cancer cells, presenting a first hint that the AR and Wnt/β-catenin pathways can interact (Mitani et al. 2012).