Figures 3L, M show the von Frey test performed on day 7 before treatment after the induction of chronic cystitis. At this stage, the CYP-PAC and CYP-Con groups, which received chronic CYP injections, exhibited visceral pain marked by increased responses to normally innocuous 1-8g von Frey forces (abnormal pain) and heightened reactions to noxious 10-26g von Frey forces (hyperalgesia) (Figure 3L). After treatment, the CYP-PAC group showed a significant reduction in chronic visceral pain induced by CYP compared to the control group (P < 0.05) and the sham group (Figure 3M). Here, PPIG is linked to chronic cystitis.