CRP and infection: As a reaction product in the acute phase, CRP increases when inflammation, infection, or tissue damage occurs in the body (Sproston and Ashworth, 2018; Tan et al., 2019), while PCT is also not a perfect marker of inflammation, as it can be elevated in any cellular injury, whether direct tissue injury or non-infectious ischemia–reperfusion injury, such as myocardial infarction or cancer, which can lead to misdiagnosis by clinicians (Paudel et al., 2020).