Additionally, CE sensitizes triple-negative breast cancer cells to epirubicin by promoting cofilin oxidation and apoptosis (Shen et al., 2022), and induces ferroptosis in Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by inhibiting NRF2, leading to ER stress (Bai et al., 2024). Here, CFL1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.