VEGFA and neoplasm: Therefore, the combination of immunotherapy and anti-angiogenesis therapy has a synergistic effect in treatment, including controlling tumor angiogenesis, normalizing blood vessels, allowing more PD-1 monoclonal antibodies to enter the tumor microenvironment and exert their effects (Huinen et al., 2021); inhibiting VEGF at the same time can also upregulate PD-L1 expression, making immunotherapeutic drugs more effective; and blocking VEGF also releases immune cells from inhibition, enhancing the body’s immune function.