In TCGA glioma patients, the differentially expressed genes in the high NDRG1 expression group are mainly enriched in signaling pathways such as leukocyte transendothelial migration, PPAR signaling pathway, adipocytokine signaling pathway, endocytosis, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and VEGF signaling pathway (P<0.05, Figure 3B). Here, VEGFA is linked to central nervous system cancer.