Of note, copper chelation significantly reduced levels of the immunosuppressive cytokine transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) in both serum (p = 0.007) and the tumor microenvironment (p = 0.018), aligning with our recent finding linking its expression to copper levels in a variety of cancer types, including neuroblastoma18. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.