CSF1 and toxicity: Our principal findings include (1) significant overexpression of inflammatory proteins such as M2 macrophages, HGF, M-CSF, and MIP-1 in patients with RC, suggesting their involvement in the pathophysiology of the condition, and (2) a demonstrated correlation between higher levels of urinary M-CSF and increased bladder toxicity, indicating that urinary M-CSF could serve as a predictive biomarker for radiation-induced bladder damage.