MSCs have been reported to block activation of proinflammatory cytokines and fibrosis‐associated signaling pathways, including TGF‐β/SMAD, NF‐κB, MAPK/ERK, and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in animal studies, and consequently reduce EMT and ECM accumulation.[588, 589, 590] Moreover, MSC‐derived EVs have also been widely studied and shown to participate in renal fibrosis. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and renal fibrosis.