S100A9 and Sepsis: To determine whether the increase in Hotairm1 RNA in late sepsis Gr1+CD11b+ cells is responsible for the decrease in S100A9 phosphorylation by p38 MAPK, we increased Hotairm1 transcripts in early sepsis Gr1+CD11b+ cells via transfection with Hotairm1 plasmid and then examined phospho-S100A9 and phospho-p38 protein levels.