Importantly, intra-portal hypoinsulinization in T1D and its dysregulatory effect on GH/IGF-I axis (Table 1; Figures 1B, 3) is not fully ameliorated by conventional subcutaneous insulin administration, most likely because subcutaneous administration of insulin cannot fully compensate for the normal portal delivery of insulin to the liver. Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.