Additionally, epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation has been shown to increase GFPT mRNA levels in breast cancer cells (Paterson and Kudlow, 1995), and nicotine-induced O-GlcNAcylation and GFPT expression enhance the EMT and invasion capabilities of breast cancer cells (Zhang et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene GFPT1 and breast cancer.