TNF and colitis: In addition, the mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines including Ccl5, IL-17, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, CXCL10, and Ccl8 were all found to be increased in colitis tissues of S100A4Smad4-/- mice compared with those in Smad4fl/fl mice (Figure 2K).