PTK2 and neoplasm: Compared with those in the control groups (i.e., HCT 116 and SW620 cells), the protein expression of PD-L1, an indicator of immune escape (i.e., adaptive immune resistance), and of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), an integrin-associated protein tyrosine kinase playing an essential role in transmitting signals for mediating several functions, including tumor cell proliferation, migration, adhesion and survival, were significantly suppressed by probiotic treatment in both HCT 116 and SW620 cells (Fig. 4 A-D).