CASP4 and cholestasis: Surprisingly, we found that LPS with dotap, noncanonical inflammasome caspase-4/11 ligand, but not LPS with nigericin (NLRC3 ligand) 45, or LPS with flagellin (NLRC4 ligand) 46 could induce more IL-1β production in the monocytes/macrophages isolated from peripheral blood monocytes/macrophages of patients with cholestasis than those from healthy individuals (Figure 1E), implying that BAs promote sensitivity of monocytes/ macrophages to caspase-4/11 ligands.