As shown in Figure 5C (a), flow cytometry analysis of isolated murine splenic cells following JEV infection in vitro revealed an increase in MDSCs (Figure 5D) and a corresponding decrease in CD8+ T cells (Figure 5E), with notable upregulation of PD-1 and TIM-3 expression on CD8+ T cells (Figure 5F), mirroring the changes observed in vivo post-infection. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and infection.