To test whether secretory factors released from PTR cells could influence CTL functions, we next measured CD8 + T-cell proliferation (Quah and Parish, 2010), CD69 (an early T-cell activation marker (Lindsey et al, 2007)), and the T-cell effector proteins Granzyme B (GZMB) and IFNγ which are known to mediate tumor cell-killing (Bhat et al, 2017; Medema et al, 2001) (Figs. 6F and EV5A show schematics). Here, GZMB is linked to neoplasm.