Additionally, the reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB) and the antioxidant enzyme activity of GSH, SOD, and catalase, combined with reduced lipid peroxidation, suggests that rufinamide also exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, effectively countering the oxidative stress and neuroinflammation associated with AD. Here, NFKB1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.