Moreover, previous reports showed antioxidant potential of rufinamide (Park and Lee 2018; Sabir et al. 2024), so by measuring the levels of these enzymes SOD, GSH, catalase, and TBARS, we aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of rufinamide in reducing oxidative damage and improving the antioxidant defense system in the STZ-induced AD model. Here, SOD1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.