In both AOM/DSS and MC38 colon tumor models, there was a high presence of PD-L1-positive tumor cells, M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), Treg cells, and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), along with a low presence of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (Jiang et al., 2021; Kang et al., 2021; Song et al., 2022). Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.