For example, the cholesterol-lowering drug statins inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase (144); the anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerosis monoclonal antibody (Mab) drug Canakinumab targets interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (86, 137, 145); and the fully human anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody MEDI0680 inhibits the prototypic immune checkpoint programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) (146). Here, PDCD1 is linked to atherosclerosis.