DMD and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Studies have indicated that DMD-related cognitive abnormalities, along with a marked reduction in dystrophin, the brain’s muscle protein, may lead to comprehensive alterations in neural and cortical development (Doorenweerd et al., 2017), thereby affecting intelligence, working memory, executive functions, reading and writing abilities, as well as neuropsychiatric disorders (Cotton et al., 2001; D’Angelo et al., 2011; Ricotti et al., 2016).