APOL1 and kidney disorder: However, this evolutionary protection results in a kidney disease risk tradeoff, as biallelic carriers of APOL1 risk variants (G1/G1, G1/G2, or G2/G2 high-risk genotypes) are at a 7–30-fold risk for hypertension-associated end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and HIV-associated nephropathy (Genovese, Friedman et al. 2010; Genovese, Tonna et al. 2010; Kopp et al. 2011).