APOL1 and nephrotic syndrome: To deduce how the M1-G2 haplotype formed, we examined APOL1 haplotypes in individuals of AFR ancestry from the 1000 Genomes Project, the Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE) cohort, and an ancient individual from Africa (Gadegbeku et al. 2013; Lipson et al. 2020; Byrska-Bishop et al. 2022).