Reduced cytokine production has been observed in-vitro in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells isolated from inguinal LN biopsies of RA risk and RA patients compared with age-matched healthy controls with a skewing towards a Th1 phenotype shown by increased CXCR3 expression.76 77 In T1D LNs, no changes were observed in helper T cell subsets74 which may be reflected by the CD8-mediated nature of T1D. Here, CXCR3 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.