Moreover, high-H relatives showed increased levels of obesity-related metabolic hormones, including leptin, PAI-1, and active amylin (Fig. 2E-G), both positively correlated with HOMA-IR (Supplementary Fig. 1A-C, with only a trend observed for PAI-1) [29]. Here, LEP is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.