HMGB1 and acute kidney injury: Research indicates that HMGB1 serves as a critical target for intervention in the treatment of CI-AKI; during the onset of CI-AKI, HMGB1 is expressed in renal tubular epithelial cells, macrophages, endothelial cells, and glomerular cells, contributing to the pathogenesis of various kidney diseases through the activation of its receptors (Mo et al., 2024).