Similarly, studies have also shown that quercetin can activate SIRT1, enhance the Nrf 2/HO-1/SOD1 signaling pathway, inhibit apoptosis and M1 macrophage polarization, and exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, thereby reducing contrast-induced acute kidney injury in type 1 diabetic mice (Wu et al., 2024) (Figure 2). This evidence concerns the gene HMOX1 and acute kidney injury.