CASP3 and acute kidney injury: Regarding CI-AKI, numerous studies have demonstrated that CM inhibits Bcl-2 expression, promotes the expression of pro-apoptotic member proteins, and increases the expression of caspase 3 and caspase 9, suggesting the involvement of the intrinsic pathway of CM-induced apoptosis of renal cells in CI-AKI (Yue et al., 2024; Quintavalle et al., 2011).