Table 1 summarizes the clinical trials of PD-L1 as an independent immunotherapy biomarker in recent years. In the KEYNOTE028 trial, PD-L1 CPS was significantly associated with prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) in patients treated with pembrolizumab (p = 0.005) (18). Similarly, the phase 3 nivolumab CheckMate 459 trial showed a trend towards a higher objective response rate (ORR) in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma who had high PD-L1 expression level (TPS ≥ 1%), albeit not statistically significant (ORR 28% vs 12%) (26). The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.