Gene expression profiling (GEP) signatures within the TIME, such as tumor inflammation signature (TIS) (55), epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signatures (30), and innate anti-PD-1 resistance (IPRES) (56) and the level of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) (57) can serve as indicators for immunotherapy outcomes. Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.